Is Money a Motivator?

There are countless articles circulating today instructing managers on how to motivate their employees. Some theories state that all workers are motivated primarily by the need for money; so if you want to get the most out of your workforce, you pay them more. So, is money a motivator? Motivation is the encouragement to do something. (1) There are short term motivators and there are long term motivators. There are also different levels and sides to motivation. In this article I would like to focus on three theories in particular which discuss motivational needs for an individual and how as a manager you can address them in the work place: The first is Maslow’s need hierarchy which led to McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and the last theory is Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs consists of five levels of needs to be satisfied. This model suggests that as people satisfy needs on one level, they progress to the next level of needs as motivation for their behavior. It is only the unsatisfied needs which can influence behavior, not the satisfied needs. 1) Under Maslow’s Hierarchy money would be recognized within the safety category (or a base need for behavior). When you have money you feel secure, because you have a resource you need to survive. According to Maslow once that need is fulfilled you move to the next level for motivation. (1) In this case money itself is no longer a motivator because that need has been satisfied. As a manager, you can use this knowledge to continue to motivate your employees. If they are already satisfied with money, in that it is no longer a primary need, you should move up the pyramid. Work to build the employee’s confidence, respect them, and give the individual projects that drive him/her to satisfy the higher level needs. Douglas McGregor took the work Maslow did with the hierarchy of needs and grouped it into two theories on how people view human behavior at work and organizational life. McGregor called this Theory X and Theory Y; Theory X is focused on the â€Å"lower order† needs and Theory Y focuses on the â€Å"higher order† needs identified by Maslow. (4) McGregor suggests that management could use either theory to motivate employees but that the better results would stem from meeting the Theory Y needs. Let us take a closer look at two theories and how money fits into the picture. Theory X states that management’s role is to coerce and control employees: †¢ People have inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. †¢ People must be controlled, directed or threatened in order to achieve. †¢ People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility and have little ambition. †¢ People seek security above all else. (2) Theory Y states that management’s role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. Work is natural, like play and rest †¢ People will exercise self direction if they are committed †¢ People learn to accept and seek responsibility †¢ People have potential(2) In Maslow’s hierarchy we identified that money falls under safety, or the need for security. McGregor’s theories show security under the X Theory, that above all security is what peo ple seek. If as a manager you run your organization under Theory X, you would agree that money is a motivator for your employees. You would agree, that in order to get the most out of your workforce you should pay them more. If you manage under Theory Y, money may be a part of your business but is not what drives your employees to achieve. The last theory I would like to look at is Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. This theory focuses on the factors causing job satisfaction and the factors causing job dissatisfaction, and that they are different. Herzberg called the satisfiers motivators and dissatisfiers hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are in a sense maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but do not themselves provide satisfaction. 3) These factors should not be treated as opposites of each other. The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather, no satisfaction. Similarly, the opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction. (4) Motivation factors lead to positive mental health and challenge people to grow, but at the same time do not lead to dissatisfaction. Above is a list of the top 6 motivation factors or factors leading to satisfaction in the w ork place. Look at how the possibility for advancement can challenge you to grow. Before you were a manager you had an opportunity to advance in your career, to become a manager. This information motivated you to work hard and continually grow as an employee; it brought satisfaction to your job. As a manager you want to bring these factors into your workplace in order to bring the most out of your employees. Hygiene factors can lead to job dissatisfaction. When hygiene factors are either not present or not sufficient you feel dissatisfied. (3) However, they in turn do not lead to satisfaction when they are present. For instance an employees work conditions. If you have favorable work conditions it does not motivate you to work harder, it does not bring satisfaction into your job but you are comfortable so there is no dissatisfaction with your position. Look at how money works, if you get a raise for the job you are doing it does not motivate you to work harder. At the same time if you did not get the raise you wanted or needed you become dissatisfied with your position or management. Money or an employee’s salary is a hygiene factor. It is a biological need because you need money for food, water and shelter. Money becomes a drive for all people because of this truth. It will give a short run of motivation because we need it to survive, but only the intrinsic or motivation factors can determine job satisfaction or no satisfaction. If this theory holds true as a manager you need to provide the hygiene factors to avoid employee dissatisfaction, but also must provide the intrinsic factors to the job itself in order to satisfy your employees. Overall, this theory recognizes that true motivation comes from within a person and not from external factors. The external factors will just dissatisfy and discourage your employees if they unfavorable. Is money a motivator? All three theories studied show that money is a biological need; it is something every person needs to sustain modern life. It is at the base of Maslow’s pyramid, it is in McGregor’s Theory X which focuses around Maslow’s base of the pyramid and it is a hygiene factor in Herzberg’s theory. All of these theories show that money is a short term motivator. If you do not have money, which causes you to go hungry, you will be motivated to take any job to fill that basic need. Once that need is met it no longer motivates you to grow in your career, it doesn’t drive you to go above and beyond the bar set for your current position. As a long term motivator money loses its power over time and can not be considered one. Because once the basic needs of an individual are met they move to other factors to motivate themselves: respect, relationships, advancement, satisfaction. I agree with all three of our theorists that money is a necessity and if it is not present people may become dissatisfied with their jobs, but at the same time it will not motivate the individual to take the next steps in their current career. You can not just pay them more in order to get the most out of them. You need to bring other factors to the workplace in order to motivate your employees to give you their all. About the Author: I am a under graduate from Ferris State University, with my degree in Biology Education. I am attending Elmhurst College in pursuit of my Masters in order take my education to the next level, expand my knowledge of business fundamentals, practices and innovations and to build lasting relationships with my peers and professors. I currently work for Menlo Worldwide, a Global Third Party Logistics Provider. I one day hope to be a respected leader within the organization I work for.

Introduction to heritage tourism

In Northern Ireland heritage tourism attractions can be classified in many different ways. These include manmade but not built to attract tourists attractions, manmade and purpose built to attract tourists attractions, natural attractions and can also be applied to special events. It is hoped that this seminar will help people to gain a wider understanding and appreciation of heritage tourism and the efforts of the bodies who do so much excellent work in order to protect and preserve Northern Ireland's rich heritage attractions. Manmade but not built to attract tourist heritage attractions include the Walls of Derry which were built in 1613 to protect the inhabitants from hostile enemies. They fulfilled their purpose during the siege by the Jacobites and defended the city for more than a hundred days until the siege ended. Another example of a heritage attraction is St Columb's Cathedral, built in 1633 and was the first cathedral in the British Isles to be built after the Reformation. Today, like the Walls, they are the city's most popular tourist attraction and receive hundreds of tourists a year .However the Cathedral is still used to worship in. The Walls are owned by the Honourable The Irish Society but are looked after by the Environment and Heritage Service. Manmade and purpose built to attract tourist attractions include the Tower Museum, which was built in 1992, which has displays on the early history of Derry, the Siege and the role it played during World War Two. Another example of this is the Ulster American Folk Park in Tyrone which was primarily built as an educational facility. It was built in the late 1970's to celebrate the United States' bicentenary in 1976. It is owned by MAGNI (National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland) which looks after all the museums and parks in its care. Natural attractions include the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim which was formed sixty five million years ago by the cooling of magma into its unique hexagonal shapes. It is perhaps the legend of Finn MacCool forming the Causeway that is perhaps more interesting than the actual formation. It is also the only World Heritage Site in Ireland having been made so in 1986. Special heritage attractions include the Halloween festival and the Maiden City Festival in Derry. The Maiden City festival was first held in 1997 and has had an extremely successful run each subsequent year. It embraces both sides of the community and has helped both sides to gain a better understanding of the others culture. The Banks of the Foyle Halloween Carnival has had perhaps an even more successful run. It won the Northern Ireland Tourist Board's â€Å"Event of the Year† Award in 2002. To tie in with the festivities are ghost tours around the city and story telling in the Tower Museum. 0950- The National Trust The National Trust was established in 1895 by Robert Hunter, Octavia Hill and Hardwicke Rawnsley to â€Å"guard† the threatened coastlines, countryside and historic buildings of the United Kingdom. They had been concerned with the unrestrained development and industrialisation of the Victorian Era. Since 1884 Hunter had been calling for the establishment of an organization to â€Å"administer its property with a view to the protection of the public interests in open spaces.† In over a hundred years it has become the largest independent conservation body in the world and now owns more than two hundred historic buildings , more than six hundred thousand acres of countryside and more than five hundred miles of coastline. Its main aim is, and always has been, to â€Å"maintain and care for the coast, countryside and historic buildings on behalf of the nation†. In Northern Ireland the Trust owns almost fifty different properties spread around the country .These include Mount Stewart in County Down which is one of the Trust's more popular properties in Northern Ireland. The property not only includes some of the most magnificent gardens in Northern Ireland but also objects of historical significance. The dining room features the actual chairs that were used by the delegates in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The house also contains priceless paintings which were collected by members of the family over several centuries. The Dining Room Mount Stewart Another popular property is Florencecourt in County Fermanagh. It was previously the home of the Enniskillen family and was given to the National Trust by the fifth Earl of Enniskillen in 1953. It is also of natural importance as on its grounds is the first Yew Tree was planted here in 1767. The land around the house is owned by the Forest Service which purchased the land from the sixth Earl of Enniskillen in 1975. Florence Court, County Fermanagh In County Antrim the Trust owns the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. It was primarily used as a way for fishermen to Carrick-a-Rede Island. Over one hundred thousand tourists visit the bridge every year. It is also an excellent place to view porpoises, dolphins and basking sharks. Carrick- a-Rede Rope Bridge The Giant's Causeway is the most popular heritage attraction in Northern Ireland and is the only UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ireland. More than five hundred thousand tourists a year visit the area from around the world. Over sixty million years old it was formed by lava flowing into the sea and gradually cooling and hardening. In 2002 the Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway opened more than fifty years after its predecessor the Giants Causeway, Portrush and Bush Valley Tramway closed. The line runs from the Giant's Causeway to Bushmills. The Causeway is also an important area for wildlife including peregrine falcons and a rare species of bird known as chough. The Causeway is the last known area in Northern Ireland for these birds to inhabit. The Giant's Causeway The Trust also owns and manages the Mourne Mountains specifically Slieve Donard and Slieve Commedagh. Slieve Donard is Northern Ireland's highest mountain standing at a majestic 850 metres. The Trust has only owned these two mountains since 1991 and, since it is a charity, it had to use its own money to buy them. It managed to raise enough money through a fundraising campaign and bought over a thousand acres. The Mournes have an abundance of wildlife including ravens, hares and rare dragonflies. Slieve Donard and Slieve Commedagh The Trust also owns and cares for sites that belong to Northern Ireland's industrial heritage such as Patterson's Spade Mill in County Antrim. It operated from 1919 to 1990 and was purchased by the Trust in 1992. It is the last working water-powered spade mill in the British Isles. The spades are still available for purchase at around twenty pounds. 1010- The Environment and Heritage Service The Environment and Heritage Service is the largest department in the Department of the Environment with more than five hundred personnel. It advises and implements the Government's policy on the environment in Northern Ireland. Their main aim is â€Å"to protect and conserve the natural and built environment and to promote it's appreciation for the benefit of present and future generations.† One of the areas the EHS cares for includes Scrabo Tower and Country Park in County Down. It was built in 1857 in memory of the 3rd Marquis of Londonderry (who also owned Mount Stewart) and can be seen for miles around. There is also a disused mine where the famous Scrabo Rock was extracted and exported to other areas of the United Kingdom. The EHS also cares for Roe Valley Country Park in County Antrim. It is home to a wide variety of wildlife including foxes, badgers and otters. The park is also a popular place for recreation including salmon and trout fishing, canoeing rock climbing, orienteering and riverside and woodland walks. They also look after Dunluce Castle in County Antrim which was built in the late 16th century. The incident in 1639 in which the kitchen fell into the sea is what the Castle is most renowned for. Carrickfergus Castle, Bellaghy Bawn, Ballycopeland Windmill, Dundrum Castle, Inch abbey, Grey Abbey and Hillsborough Courthouse. Other country parks and countryside centres the EHS cares for include Portrush, Countryside Centre, Castle Archdale County Park, Ervey Wood and Ness Wood. Scrabo Tower and Country Park Dunluce Castle Greenpeace Greenpeace had it's beginnings in 1971 when several people protested at the USA detonating underground nuclear bombs in a area used by rare otters near Alaska. It has grown in the last thirty years and has over 2.8 million supporters around the world. It operates in more than forty countries and has its headquarters in Amsterdam. Greenpeace's latest triumph has been in putting pressure on the World Heritage Committee to add Lake Baikal (the largest fresh water lake in the world) and the Volcanoes of Kamchatka in Russia to the list of World Heritage sites. More than twelve million hectares will now be preserved. Greenpeace also successfully put pressure on the WHC to declare the Komi Virgin Forests in the Urals a World Heritage Site. 1100-The Wildlife Trust It is the United Kingdom's largest conservation charity devoted to wildlife. No member of the trust is paid as all of its members volunteer to help the Trust. The Trust cares for more than two thousand nature reserves. There were four hundred thousand voluntary members of the Trust in 2002 and the member is still growing. Membership costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24 a year for one person and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½36 per annum for a family membership. They have 47 local trusts and a trust for children known as the Wildlife Watch who work together to protect wildlife in different areas from cities to the countryside especially in national and country parks. The local trust in Northern Ireland is the Ulster Wildlife Trust and was founded in 1978. In Northern Ireland there are more than 2000 members of the Trust. Their main aim is to â€Å"help people recognise that a healthy environment, rich in wildlife and managed on sustainable principles, is essential for continued human existence.† WWF The World Wide Fund for Nature's main aims are to protect and conserve endangered species and to address global threats to wildlife. However it only works to protect animals in the wild and has â€Å"no experience or expertise to deal with issues relating to animals in captivity. Whereas the larger organisation works on international issues relating to animals the UK organisation work to look after the countries wild animals. It can be involved in many matters affecting wildlife such as challenging the government on the destruction of the countryside. It also puts forward the effects of tourism in wildlife. Unlike other heritage organisations it owns no property and therefore has more money to spend.

What They Are Building at Ground Zero, NYC

The Ultimate Bank of America Essay Topics Trick

The Ultimate Bank of America Essay Topics Trick What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Bank of America Essay Topics It's possible to pick one randomly, without so much as thinking whether it meets your essay requirements or whether you're interested in it and can discover enough details. The political effect on literature may not be ignored. The outline needs to be made in accordance to the significance of the thoughts and arguments that you'd be incorporating in GED essay writing. To begin with, your essay on unemployment should begin with an introduction. The Downside Risk of Bank of America Essay Topics The school you've been dreaming of for your entire life is only an essay away. A photo essay is a set of pictures with a total topic or theme. Our service also provides free essays which is an element of what makes us unmatched. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. If you are frightened to compose a research paper, then in reality you don't need to fear. To compose a research paper, you might have to make some steps. If you also wish to compose an outstanding research paper, then you've got to ready the draft for that, then you ought to begin writing a research paper only. When you're writing a research paper, you also need to check your research whether it's in accordance with your letter or not. In the past paragraph, do not give new info, but what you have to do is to sum up what you've discussed. There's no topic too hard for our experts. All the answers usually lie in the demands of the specific organization which you are applying to. The appropriation of Texas by the USA caused more difference between both states. Banknotes issued by the Bank of the USA were widely accepted throughout the nation. Though with the help of the United States of america, Texas would be in a position to contend the Mexicans. Among the socio-economic problems of the present stage of development of the USA is the issue of unemployment. Top Bank of America Essay Topics Choices Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. While writing the essay you should be sure your essay is totally free from all sorts of errors including grammatical or spelling in order to save your time in the revision procedure. Pre-written essays don't always solve all the academic difficulties. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. What you aspire to teach your reader will choose the form of your essay. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you might want to argue is an excellent start. The multiple topics might be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Thus, consider all the potential problems you may encounter while writing an essay on a specific topic. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Whether you currently have a topic in mind or want to get guidance in locating the ideal option possible, our team members can allow you to create a 100% unique and authentic essay that will satisfy all your academic requirements. Students have difficult time in writing since they start late and they don't have enough details about the question. Often college students get into lots of stress to get the ideal topic for the essay. In your introduction, you want to explain what you're discussing and what it is about. Dan Carlin's Hardcore History podcast is just one of my favourite things to obey. Selecting a writing topic can be stressful regardless of what subject you're writing over. It's important to get a topic that's specific enough that finding sources is relatively effortless, but broad enough you can write many pages about it.

Natural Selection and Patterns of Evolution Worksheet Essay

Associate Level Material Appendix F Natural Selection and Patterns of Evolution Worksheet Complete the worksheet writing 100- to 200-word short answers for each question. Format your references consistent with APA guidelines. 1. What is the direct evidence in support of the theory of natural selection? Include at least four examples. Paleontology shows us that organisms have changed gradually over time, as reflected in the fossil record. Biogeography shows us how new species only arise near very similar species. Similar species share a common time and place. Developmental biology shows us that an organism builds on ancestral features as it develops from a single cell. Genetics shows us that we can group species by similarity of†¦show more content†¦What implications might this example have for future humans? Convergent evolution: Two different species adapt similarly when they share similar niches. Australia has several examples. Tasmanian tigers are very similar to wolves or dogs. The marsupial lion had many features similar to cats they even had a saber toothed version of a marsupial similar to saber toothed cats. Divergent evolution: When species separate into dissimilar niches, they evolve qu ite differently. The formation of limbs in early amphibians compared to their fish ancestors is an example. Adaptive radiation: When a species spreads in to different niches it forms multiple species. A classic example is the Darwins finch. The common ancestor split into several species as it occupied the various niches. Coevolution is where two species evolved together. Many species of plants produce flowers that only bats can fertilize. The bats evolved to take advantage of the flowers and the flowers rewarded the bats with nectar and flowering at night. Coevolution of humans and cows: The cows allowed us to exploit land that wasnt suitable to crops. They greatly increase our food supply. Perhaps in the future we will use them in many different ways. The way they convert cellulose to sugar in the guts with microbes could lead to the easy conversion of grass into alcohol to power our cars (Cook, H., Bestman, H. D. (2000). 4. How does a new species evolve from a pre-existing species? Include a briefShow MoreRelatedBig Data Analysis Using Soft Computing Techniques3016 Words   |  13 Pagesclustering approach and Differential Evolution algorithm. Index Terms—Big Data, K-means algorithm, DE (Differential Evolution), Data clustering Introduction Day by day amount of data generation is increasing in drastic manner. Where in to describe the data, for zetta byte, popular term used is â€Å"Big data†. The marvelous volume and mixture of real world data surrounded in massive databases clearly overcome old-fashioned manual method of data analysis, such as worksheets and ad-hoc inquiries. A new generationRead MoreNfpa 100630569 Words   |  123 Pagesutilize breaking and cutting tools to create safe openings in masonry, concrete, and wood structures. 3.3.20 Buoyancy Control Device. Jacket or vest that contains an inflatable bladder for the purposes of controlling buoyancy. 3.3.21 Cave. A natural underground void formed by geologic process. 3.3.22 Cave-In. The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation or trench, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement intoRead MoreNfpa 100630576 Words   |  123 Pagesthat utilize breaking and cutting tools to create safe openings in masonry, concrete, and wood structures. 3.3.20 Buoyancy Control Device. Jacket or vest that contains an inflatable bladder for the purposes of controlling buoyancy. 3.3.21 Cave. A natural underground void formed by geologic process. 3.3.22 Cave-In. The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation or trench, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement intoRead MoreReading Comprehension Case Study14945 Words   |  60 PagesPerfect† called â€Å"You’re Gonna Miss Me.† In addition to horseback riding and the movies, Lucy described her perfect Saturday as watching TV, preferably Animal Planet, and chewing bubble gum all day. Answering questions about her favorite things came natural to Lucy, but she did have trouble coming up with an actor/actress. Just as excited Lucy was to talk about her interests outside of school, she was just ask excited to talk about school, how she has â€Å"never missed one day,† and â€Å"always gets good gradesRead MoreOperations Management23559 Words   |  95 Pagesprocess improvement 1 -4 Chapter 1 Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Operations Management Roberta Russell Bernard W. Taylor, III Lecture Outline What Operations and Supply Chain Managers Do Operations Function Evolution of Operations and Supply Chain Management Globalization and Competitiveness Operations Strategy and Organization of the Text Learning Objectives for This Course 1 -6 What Operations and Supply Chain Managers Do What is Operations ManagementRead MoreInformation Security15951 Words   |  64 Pagesbibliography of multiple research manuscripts (Webster Watson, 2002). A meaningful literature review is much more. Hart (1998) defined the literature review as â€Å"the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selection of methods, and demonstration that this research contributes something new† (p. 1). He also noted that for the literature review, â€Å"quality means appropriate breadth and depth, rigor and consistency, clarity and brevity, and effective analysis andRead MoreOrganization Restructuring26680 Words   |  107 PagesPrinciples and practices of tqm. Wisconsin: ASQC. Clark, S., (2000). Decades later, TQM is still key to success. Memphis Business Journal, 21,19-20. Creech, B., (1994). The five pillars of tqm. NewYork: Dutton. Dahlgaard, S., (1999). The evolution patterns of quality management: some reflections on the quality movement. Total Quality Management, 12, 473-485. Deming, W. E., (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT press. Hackman, J. R. and Wageman, R. (1995). Total quality management.Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesLEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the PerformanceRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesbaseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 Critical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams ChapterRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . .6 . .6 . .8 . .8 . 10 . 12 . 13 . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . 17 2—The Evolution of Management Thought . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Management in Ancient History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Effects of the Industrial Age on Management . . . . . 22 Classical Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History American Foreign Relations

Question: Discuss about theHistoryfor American Foreign Relations. Answer: Introduction Since times immemorial, it has often been seen that want of supremacy over the other has always excited human attempts to make one more powerful. Centuries back historians have stated how Aryans was the race that believes in defeating other powers to make them more powerful. A similar such belief has been found to harbor among the great power of the world. Different nations have always tried to achieve more power, militarily, geographically and economically that would assure them to be safe from attacks of other countries and keep the other countries under control so that they cannot attack back. These have often leaded to many power struggles and loss of lives but this belief of anarchy has often ruled the heart of the powerful nations. A number of objectives can be noted in order to explain why the greater powers required more power to stabilize them. Besides surviving, one of the main motive that urges them for more power is regional hegemony and in turn global hegemony. Nations believe by regional and global hegemony they can make their nation safer and enjoy a very prestigious position in international politics. Regional hegemons ensure that the nations they are dominating would not have the scope to challenge their interests which otherwise might be different if they were free nations. Often this attitude of the nations increases for more power gradually expanding their power and strength to overseas (Daniels, 2012). The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War in 1898 was based on similar such mentality of the United States. After declaring a war on the Spain, they defeated and crushed the Empire even destroying the fleet that remained there in Santiago harbor in Cuba. Definite strategies were put forward by US which helped them to win the war. The main motive behind the war was to capture the grip on the Caribbean that not only helped to build a naval base in the Caribbean but also to annex Puerto Rico (Paterson et al., 2014). This victory also ensured USs extension in the influences in the the Pacific through annexation of two important nations of Philippines and Guam. By this attempt, they clearly stated to the world that the new navy has power enough to deter opportunistic states that would help to protect US interests across both oceans. Basically it helped their own nation in terms of influence, trade and security. Another objective that the great powers possess in order to increase the power is the economic stability that would help them to be victorious nation even if they face different political issues or economic crisis or even preparing a vast military when attacked or pressurized by other nations (Rivoli, 2014). The British kingdom has tried to expand its power to different south East Asian countries and different countries of Africa for colonization in the areas. Although they began with overseas possessions and trading posts by England, their main aim was to make their own country economically prospering. British held sway over 412 million people in the year 1913 that accounted for about 23 % of the world population and became the foremost power globally. Their colonizing rule covered such a large area of that it was said by the historians to be the empire where sun never sets mainly because of its vast expansion (Viswanathan, 2014). They mainly exploited the nations where they colonized and the entire economy of the nations was utilized within their own country thereby making Britain financially prosperous. Strategized trade policies, Investment of British capital in the indigenous consumer goods, various financial transactions of the colonized nations through malpractices, financing wars , expeditions and even the maintenance of the armies drained money from the nation and made Britain more powerful. In the urge for more powers, they have often exploited a large number of nations to make themselves stable and safe. Researchers have noted that in the 1800s, China along with facing various internal conflicts also faced pressure from Western imperialism. The latter possesses a military power that the China could have never matched. Similar exploitation also took place in China, which converted Chinas image, and position in the world from a successful efficient nation to a torn civilization within just a few years period from 1840 (Duus, Myers Peattie, 2014). Experiencing dominancy over China made the West secured and safe at the expense of the complete economic outflow of China. Japan taking this opportunity of China being weakened declared a war on china that continued from 1894 to 1895 over the possession of South Korea thereby making Japan a supreme power in East Asia (Mares, 2012). This resulted in greater economy that benefited Japan largely at the cost of economic and militar y drain of China. Hence, it can be seen that it was a growing practice in the era of 1790 to 1920 and within this era great powers were seen to compete among themselves for the thirst of more powers due to military or economic benefits often defeating other nations at the cost of lives and economic drain. However History has seen similar evidences even before the mentioned era and is even now continues but more diplomatically. References: Daniels, R. (2012).Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850. University of Washington Press. Duus, P., Myers, R. H., Peattie, M. R. (Eds.). (2014).The Japanese informal empire in China, 1895-1937. Princeton University Press. Mares, D. R. (2012). Middle powers under regional hegemony: To challenge or acquiesce in hegemonic enforcement.International Studies Quarterly,32(4), 453-471. Paterson, T., Clifford, J. G., Brigham, R., Donoghue, M., Hagan, K. (2014).American Foreign Relations: Volume 2: Since 1895(Vol. 2). Cengage Learning. Rivoli, P. (2014).The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy: An Economist Examines the Markets, Power, and Politics of World Trade. New Preface and Epilogue with Updates on Economic Issues and Main Characters. John Wiley Sons. Viswanathan, G. (2014).Masks of conquest: Literary study and British rule in India. Columbia University Press.

Tom Woodruff Wrote An Article, Federal Surplus wish Lists’

Tom Woodruff wrote an article, Federal Surplus wish lists dont add up. With budgets leftovers pegged at $4.4 trillions, republicans propose across the board tax cuts, while the president eyes Social Security. A compromise seems possible. Call it the new math, D.C. style. Washington politicians are struggling with a crisis that no one has experienced before. How to spend a surplus in the federal budget that is now estimated to be about $4.4 trillion over the next 15 years. That works out to be about $2500 per taxpaying unit (families and individuals) each year. With that kind of money at stake, the White House and the Republicans in Congress have set some ambitious goals. Woodruff reports that these arent real numbers, which will be explained shortly, and the mathematical acrobatics underscore how figures are tossed around nonchalantly, is so hard for most people to comprehend the true costs of new programs or tax cuts. Republicans have proposed that the bulk of any budget surplus should go to reduce taxes. In addition Senate Finance Committee Chairman William Roth, has proposed an expansion of the 401k and others retirements saving programs that would result in reduced taxes for savers. Clinton announced a plan to set aside $2.78 trillion (about 62%) of the projected surpluses for a cash transfusion into the Social Security Trust Funds over the next 15 years. This would be a major break with the historical concept behind Social Security. Since its inception, employer and employee payroll taxes, not general tax revenue, have funded Social Security. Since 1983, these taxes currently at 12.4% of covered payroll are designed to pay current benefits to retirees and the some. The tax actually exceeds whats needed in the near term to cover Social Security benefits, even without the Clintons transfusion. That changes, of course, once baby boomer retirements start occurring. When they talk about the federal budget surplus in Washington, the annual buildup in Social Security Trust Funds is included. Over the next 15 years, according to the intermediate assumptions used by social Security trustees, these trust funds are supposed to increase by $1.1 trillion. That money is already promised to pay for Social Security benefits. So the real surplus is just $3.3 trillion over the next 15 years, or about $1900 per taxpayer (families and individuals) each year. Clinton actually is proposing to reallocate $2.78 trillion of additional tax dollars over the next 15 years, or about $185 billion a year, into Social Security. That works out to about $1580 per taxpayer. Clinton wants most of this to go into the trust funds in form of government IOUs, and some to go into stock market investments. If this goes through, 84% of the surplus is already gone. In addition, over the next 15 years, Clinton wants to dedicate another $700 billion for Medicare. Thats about $47 billion a year, or a little under $ 400 per taxpayer. If Clintons Social Security transfusion is approved, only $520 billion of the surplus would be left. He plans to use the IOUs, those special Treasury securities in the Social Security Trust Funds, to pay for this and other government spending. If Clintons proposal were approved, we would be borrowing $12 billion a year from the Social Security Trust Funds, or about $103 per taxpayer. Clinton wants to dedicate another $500 billion for Universal Saving Accounts, new 401k accounts to be added on top of Social Security. Thats about $33.3 billion a year, or about $285 per taxpayer per year. Under this plan, subsidies would be provided in form of direct tax credits for individuals to set up these 401k accounts. Roth already has introduced legislation, the Personal Retirement Accounts Act of 1999 that would implement this type of account by providing budget surplus subsidies for a period, but not for the full 15 years of Clintons plan. The surplus is now gone, and this would be financed out of the IOUs in the Social Security trust funds. Now were borrowing about $45 billion a year from the Social Security IOUs, or about $388 per taxpayer. The current Republican leadership proposal is for an across the board 10% cut in income tax rates. According to the senate Finance Committee, this would mean tax saving of